Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious problem that can occur with diabetes. It happens when the body doesn't have enough insulin and can't use the sugar needed for energy. The body uses fat for energy instead. This makes ketones, which build up in the blood. Without treatment, this can lead to coma or death.

What causes it?

DKA is caused by having very high blood sugar and not having enough insulin. It can happen if you don't take enough insulin. It can also happen if your body is under stress, such as when you are ill or have an infection. Sometimes it happens if your body loses too much fluid (dehydration).

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms of DKA include increased thirst and urination, breath that smells fruity, and trouble staying awake. Belly pain, vomiting, and feeling confused are also symptoms. Anyone who has these symptoms needs emergency treatment right away, especially if they have high blood sugar and ketones.

How is it diagnosed?

Your doctor will do a physical exam and ask questions about your health. You will also have tests, including blood and urine tests.

How is diabetic ketoacidosis treated?

If the symptoms of DKA are severe, you may need to be treated in an intensive care unit. Treatment includes fluids and insulin given through a vein (intravenous, or I.V.). Fluids treat dehydration and balance electrolytes. Insulin lowers blood sugar and keeps the body from producing ketones.